Generalized pruritus

 Generalized pruritus

Pruritus is a symptom with many causes, but not a disease in its own right. Itchy patients fall into two groups: those whose pruritus is caused simply by sur-face causes (e.g. eczema, lichen planus and scabies), which seldom need much investigation; and the others, who may or may not have an internal cause for their itching, such as the following.

1 Liver disease. Itching signals biliary obstruction.It is an early symptom of primary biliary cirrhosis. Cholestyramine often helps cholestatic pruritus, pos-sibly by promoting the elimination of bile salts.

2. Chronic renal failure. Urea itself seems not to beresponsible for this symptom, which plagues about one-third of patients undergoing renal dialysis

3  Iron deficiency. Treatment with iron may help theitching.

4 Polycythaemia. The itching here is usually triggeredby a hot bath; it has a curious pricking quality and lasts about an hour.

5 Thyroid disease. Itching and urticaria may occur inhyperthyroidism. The dry skin of hypothyroidism may also be itchy.

6 Diabetes. Generalized itching may be a rare pre-sentation of diabetes.

7 Internal malignancy. The prevalence of itching inHodgkin’s disease may be as high as 30%. It may be unbearable, yet the skin often looks normal. Pruritus may occur long before other manifestations of the disease. Itching is uncommon in carcinomatosis.

8 Neurological disease. Paroxysmal pruritus has beenrecorded in multiple sclerosis and in neurofibromat-osis. Brain tumours infiltrating the floor of the fourth ventricle may cause a fierce persistent itching of the nostrils.

The skin of the elderly may itch because it is too dry.The search for a cause has to be tailored to the indi-vidual patient, and must start with a thorough history and physical examination. The presence of a ‘butterfly sign’  (Fig.  19.14)  sometimes  suggests  an  internal cause for the itching. Unless a treatable cause is found, therapy is symptomatic and consists of sedative anti-histamines, and the avoidance of rough clothing, over-heating and vasodilatation, including that brought on by alcohol. UVB may help the itching associated with chronic renal, and perhaps liver disease. Local applications include calamine and mixtures contain-ing small amounts of menthol or phenol. Sometimes lubricating the skin with emol-lients helps.